淼淼甬江畔，亭亭阁楼矗。这座位于江北区中马路末端、兼具中西特色的三层砖木独栋式建筑，便是建于清咸丰十一年（1861年）的浙海关旧址，也是我国现存最早的海关建筑。它是我国海关发展史中重要的文化遗产之一，也见证了这片土地过去的荣辱历史。

Based on the Collections of the Historical Materials of Ningpo Customs, compiled by the Ningbo History Digital Humanities Project Team, these series of short articles written attempts to delve into the real stories about Chinese Maritime Customs Services (CMCS), a special sino-foreign institution in modern China.

经过两年的收集、整理与转译，宁诺数字人文实验室——浙海关小组最终编辑成册两套《浙海关中/英文史料合辑》。基于所收集的丰富史料，我们的项目实习生将从多个视角带你走近这一中国近代史中独特的海关办事机构和其背后的人物故事。

Below are the short articles written by the project interns. If you want to read the full text, please scan the QR code below for our WeChat account.

如果对相关内容感兴趣，想继续阅读全文，请扫码关注宁诺数字人文实验室的微信公众号“城思 甬叙”。

（一）：浙海关内部官僚体系中的“超国民待遇”现象—— 王昱宸

No. 1: Disparity of Indoor and Outdoor staff in the governance of Ningpo Customs (Yuchen Wang)

1842年，近代中国在西方侵略之下签订了《南京条约》，开放了宁波为五口通商口岸之一，随之也被迫建立了外国人掌管的近代海关。1861年1月，浙海关新关（洋关）建立。浙海关新关实行的是外籍税务司制度，即由中国政府雇用洋人管理，以洋员为主 。浙海关洋员在关键职位上占据主导地位，享有较高地位和待遇，而华员则受到限制和歧视。内外班之间的鸿沟更突显了权势与待遇的不平等。

This article focuses on the hierarchical gap between foreign and Chinese employees and the substantial disparity between 'indoor' and 'outdoor' members. Foreign employees, despite being fewer in number, exhibited absolute dominance over Chinese employees who were inferior and treated worse in terms of promotion, salary, etc. This disparity in status and treatment was exacerbated by the administrative division between core 'indoor' members, who were well-educated and oversaw administrative taxation in the offices, and marginalised 'outdoor' members, who were recruited on the basis of physical fitness and were responsible for inspecting goods and ships and preventing smuggling.

（二）：晚清红人，也是被遗忘的汉学家包腊—— 王高雅

No. 2: E.C. Bowra: a celebrated figure of the late Qing dynasty and a forgotten Sinologist (Gaoya Wang)

在清末的海关官员里，有这样一群特殊的存在。他们是中国的“洋大臣”，是清政府名义上的官僚。他们虽常常需要考虑到自己国家的利益，但同时也作为晚清朝廷的雇员为中国效力。正如赫德在各海关税务司的任命书上所写的——“不要忘记，你是中国官员，而不是外国官员”。他们中的许多人都尽心尽责，努力学习中文和汉学，逐渐理解并痴迷于中国的人文，成为那个时代独特的记忆。而来自英国的包腊便是这些海关“洋大臣”中的代表人物之一。

At the end of the Qing dynasty, the Chinese Maritime Customs Service was almost entirely controlled by British officials, although it was subordinate to the Qing government. The staff of the Customs, who came from many countries, were nominally bureaucrats of the Qing government. Many of them were dedicated to their duties, became fascinated by Chinese culture and contributed significantly to the development of China's diplomatic history. Through Ningbo History Digital Humanities Project Team's research into both Chinese and English historiographies of Zhejiang Customs, Edward Charles Macintosh Bowra came to our attention. As one of those 'servants', he eventually became a 'sinologist' through his comprehensive understanding of China's politics, economy, society and culture while working in the Customs. From 1867 to 1870, Bowra held the post of Inspector of Zhejiang Customs in Ningbo, so he had a close relationship with the city. This article reviews Bowra's life as a servant of China and his story with Ningbo.

（三）：“大江东去”的汉学政治家穆麟德—— 陈颖

No. 3: P. G. von Möllendorff's Legacy (Ying Chen)

中国近代海关的外籍税务司制度存在了近百年，上万名外籍人士曾在中国海关工作。海关洋员，特别是其中的税务司，都拥有良好的高等教育背景。这些“洋大臣”们长年在华工作，精通中文，深谙中国社会，且大多都对中国的社会和文化抱有浓厚兴趣，因而他们所从事的涉华研究对国际汉学的发展起到了积极的促进作用。而穆麟德更是其中翘楚。观其一生，曾于宦海中飘摇，在俄、日、美、英、法各方势力之间斡旋，经历了清政府和朝鲜王朝覆灭前最后的夕照。而他自身也像当时的封建时代一样，由历史推向高点却也最终归于平静，然而他留下的文学遗产却在历史的轮转中跨越百年。

A comprehensive evaluation of both Chinese and English historical sources from Ningpo Customs, executed by the Ningbo History Digital Humanities Project Team, has significantly broadened our comprehension of Paul Georg von Möllendorff's legacy. During his nearly three decades in China, Möllendorff served in a variety of roles, including assistant to Li Hongzhang, diplomatic advisor to the King of Korea, inspector general of Ningpo Customs, and chief town planner. Meanwhile, he possessed remarkable talents and made significant contributions in the fields of Eastern literature, linguistics and jurisprudence. Möllendorff had a profound influence on Chinese society and scholarship, leaving an indelible mark that still reverberates today.

（四）：十九世纪宁波口岸的混乱与繁荣：贸易、走私与浙海关—— 吴文博

No. 4: 19th Century Ningbo Port: Chaos and Prosperity - Trade, Smuggling, and the Ningpo Customs

“（宁波）居民的性格是中国人口的良好典范。”作为鸦片战争后首批到访被迫开放的贸易口岸的洋人，英国传教士乔治·史密斯如此评价宁波。在他于1844年到1846年进行的考察中，宁波居民的友好和善良给他留下了深刻的印象。由此，他提出，宁波不仅会成为英国的一个繁荣的殖民口岸，也有潜力成为英国国教教会在中国传教的一个主要基地。然而，他没有想到，仅仅在数年后，当以浙海关为代表的西方贸易和关税体系被建立起来后，宁波不仅没有成为一个繁荣的贸易口岸，反而在此后十数年中陷入了贸易停滞。更糟糕的是，走私、海盗和非法贩运泛滥开来，在宁波口岸造成了一段时间的混乱。本文将以宁波诺丁汉大学数字人文实验室编纂的《浙海关英文史料合辑（1872-1948）》为基础，再现十九世纪中期浙海关治下宁波口岸的混乱与繁荣。

'The character of the inhabitants (in Ningbo) is a favourable specimen of the Chinese population'. Commented by the British missionary George Smith, who was among the first group of visitors to the treaty ports after they were forced to open after the Opium War. During his visit to China from 1844 to 1846, the kindness and friendliness of the Ningbo people left deep impression to him. He therefore proposed that Ningbo would not only make a prosperous colonial treaty port, but have the potential of becoming the bridgehead of the missionary works undertaken by the Anglican Church. However, he would not have foreseen that, only after few years, when the Western trade and customs system as represented by the Zhejiang Imperial Customs were established, instead of becoming a prosperous trading port, Ningbo stagnated in trade for the next decade. To make matters worse, smuggling, piracy, and illegal trafficking became invasive and widespread, creating a period of chaos at the Ningbo port, to the extent that the then British Minister to China, John Francis Davis, reported that 'foreign trade in Ningpo seems unlikely to flourish'. This article seeks to reconstruct the chaos and prosperity of Ningbo Port in the mid-nineteenth century.